Casting is the process of changing a sculpture made from a soft, temporary substance, like unfired clay or wax, to a hard material such as cement, bronze or steel. The artist makes a mold from the original artwork and uses the mold to cast a permanent sculpture.
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Carving is a subtractive process. A carver removes bits and pieces of a hard material, slowly revealing the desired shape. Many different things can be carved – stone, marble, wood, plaster, plastic...